<arc_runtime> This workflow requires the full Arc bundle, not a prompts-only install.

Paths in this skill use these conventions:

• agents/..., references/..., disciplines/..., templates/..., scripts/..., rules/..., skills/<name>/... are Arc-owned files at the plugin root. Resolve the plugin root from this skill's filesystem location — it's the directory containing agents/ and skills/.
• ./... is local to this skill's directory.
• .ruler/..., docs/..., src/..., or any project-relative path refers to the user's project repository. </arc_runtime>

Characterization Testing Workflow

Backfill focused tests around existing code before a risky change. The goal is not "more tests" in the abstract; it is a trustworthy safety net around behavior that must survive a refactor, migration, or bug fix.

Use this skill when:

• Existing code has little or no test coverage.
• A refactor needs a behavior-preserving safety net first.
• A god file, duplicated implementation, or tangled module needs characterization before decomposition.
• A performance optimization needs current behavior pinned before changing data structures, batching, memoization, caching, or ordering.
• A bug fix touches unclear behavior and you need to capture the current contract before changing it.
• Coverage reports show gaps around important public behavior.
• Auth, API, state, or browser flows need targeted tests before launch or audit remediation.

Do not use this skill as the normal new-feature workflow. For new work, use /arc:implement or a dedicated TDD skill so RED/GREEN/REFACTOR remains the governing loop.

Agents

Use specialist agents only when the slice is large enough to justify delegation:

Agent	Model	Purpose	Framework
unit-test-writer	sonnet	Characterize pure functions, hooks, or isolated components	vitest
integration-test-writer	sonnet	Characterize API, auth, state, and component integration behavior	vitest + MSW
e2e-test-writer	opus	Characterize critical browser journeys	Playwright
test-runner	haiku	Run unit/integration suites and analyze failures	vitest
e2e-runner	opus	Run Playwright, inspect screenshots/traces, iterate on failures	Playwright

Process

Step 1: Confirm The Safety-Net Target

Ask one question only if the target is unclear:

AskUserQuestion:
  question: "What existing code or behavior needs a safety net before we change it?"
  header: "Test Target"

Then identify:

• The files, routes, packages, components, or commands involved.
• The planned change or refactor the tests must protect.
• The public interfaces where behavior is observable.
• Any business-critical, auth, persistence, payment, data, or browser-flow risk.
• Any ordering, duplication, identity, mutability, pagination, permission, cache invalidation, or tenant/filtering behavior that an optimization must preserve.

Step 2: Establish The Baseline

Gather evidence before writing tests:

• Read the target code and nearby tests.
• Read recent commits or plans when they explain the intended behavior.
• Run the smallest existing relevant test command.
• If no test command exists, identify the project’s likely framework and package manager.
• Note current failures separately from new failures.

Do not silently fix production behavior during baseline work. If you discover an obvious bug, capture it as either:

• A current-behavior characterization test if the change is meant to preserve it.
• A failing desired-behavior test if the user is asking for the bug to be fixed.

Step 3: Map Public Behavior

List behavior in terms of callers or users, not internal implementation details:

## Safety Net: [Target]

### Planned Change
- [Refactor / bug fix / migration / cleanup]

### Public Interfaces
- [Function/component/API route/page/CLI command]

### Current Observable Behavior
| Behavior | Evidence | Risk |
|----------|----------|------|
| [behavior] | [code path, existing test, manual observation] | [high/medium/low] |

### Test Slices
| Slice | Level | Why this level |
|-------|-------|----------------|
| [one behavior] | [unit/integration/e2e] | [fastest useful proof] |

Step 4: Add Tests One Vertical Slice At A Time

For each slice:

1. Choose one public behavior.
2. Choose the smallest useful test level.
3. Write the test.
4. Run only the relevant test.
5. Prove the test is sensitive:
   • For current-behavior characterization, the test may pass immediately. Temporarily perturb the assertion, fixture, or input to prove it fails for the right reason, then restore it.
   • For desired behavior or bug fixes, follow RED/GREEN/REFACTOR. Do not change production code before the failing test exists.
6. Commit no temporary mutations.
7. Move to the next slice only after the current slice is trustworthy.

Step 5: Keep Test Seams Small

If existing code is hard to test:

• Prefer testing through an existing public interface.
• Extract only the smallest seam needed to observe behavior.
• Preserve behavior while extracting.
• Avoid large refactors before the safety net exists.
• Avoid mocking internal modules just to force a unit test.

Mocks are acceptable for true boundaries: network, time, filesystem, database, auth providers, payment providers, and external LLM APIs. Prefer real code inside the project boundary.

Step 6: Run Scoped Then Broader Verification

Run checks in widening order:

1. The single new test file or test name.
2. The relevant package or feature test suite.
3. The project’s normal test command.
4. E2E only when the risk is browser-level or cross-system.

When E2E output is verbose or flaky, dispatch e2e-runner with the exact test file and failure evidence.

Step 7: Report The Safety Net

End with a concise report:

## Safety Net Result

**Target:** [code/feature]
**Reason:** [refactor/bug fix/legacy coverage/launch risk]
**Tests added:** [files]
**Behavior characterized:**
- [behavior]

**Verification:**
- [command] — [pass/fail]

**Remaining risk:**
- [untested behavior or reason it was deferred]

**Ready for next change:** [yes/no]

Choosing Test Level

Level	Use when	Avoid when
Unit	Pure functions, deterministic formatting, isolated hooks, small state transitions	Behavior depends on routing, browser, API, auth, or multiple components
Integration	Component + state, API routes, auth states, form submissions, data adapters	A single pure function is enough or only a real browser proves it
E2E	Critical user journeys, auth flows, checkout/signup, routing/browser behavior	The behavior can be proven faster below the browser

Coverage Guidelines

Feature Type	First Useful Backfill	Notes
Utility functions	Unit	Cover edge cases and invariants through exported functions
UI components	Integration	Prefer user-visible behavior over snapshots
Forms	Integration	Add E2E only for critical end-to-end flows
API routes	Integration	Exercise request/response behavior and error paths
Auth flows	Integration + selective E2E	Mock provider states below browser; use real/browser flow sparingly
Checkout/payment	Integration + E2E	Mock external provider below browser; keep one critical browser path
LLM integrations	Unit/integration with fixtures	Avoid live calls unless explicitly required

Auth Testing Quick Reference

Use this only when auth behavior is part of the safety net.

Clerk Testing

Integration tests:

• Mock useAuth and useUser hooks.
• Test loading, signed-in, and signed-out states.
• Mock getToken for API calls.

E2E tests:

• Create tests/auth.setup.ts for login flow.
• Store session in playwright/.auth/user.json.
• Use storageState in playwright.config.ts.

Common issues:

• Trying to mock ClerkProvider instead of hooks.
• Missing the isLoaded: false state.
• Hardcoding tokens instead of using a getToken mock.

WorkOS Testing

Integration tests:

• Mock getUser from @workos-inc/authkit-nextjs.
• Test with full user object including organizationId, role, and permissions.
• Test SSO redirect behavior.

E2E tests:

• SSO flows are slow; consider a test bypass endpoint.
• Create /api/auth/test-login for faster auth in test environments only.
• Store session state after auth.

Common issues:

• Missing organizationId in org-level features.
• Not testing permission checks.
• SSO redirect timing issues without proper waits.

Bypass Auth For Speed

For faster E2E tests, create a test-only auth endpoint:

// app/api/auth/test-login/route.ts
// ONLY available in test/development
export async function POST(request: Request) {
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV === "production") {
    return new Response("Not found", { status: 404 });
  }
  // Create session directly without SSO flow
}

Fail-Fast Configuration

Tests must fail fast. Never:

• Use global timeouts of minutes.
• Add many retries to mask flakiness.
• Use arbitrary sleeps.

Playwright config:

export default defineConfig({
  timeout: 30_000,
  expect: {
    timeout: 5_000,
  },
  use: {
    actionTimeout: 10_000,
  },
});

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